Dallas (pronounced /ˈdæləs/) is the third-largest city in Texas and the ninth-largest in the United States. As of 2009, the population of Dallas was at 1.3 million according to the US Census Bureau.[4] The city is the largest economic center of the 12-county Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area that according to the March 2010 U.S. Census Bureau release, had a population of roughly 6.5 million as of July 2009.[5] The metropolitan area is the fourth-largest The United States Office of Management and Budget has defined 366 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) for the United States of America. The OMB defines a Metropolitan Statistical Area as one or more adjacent counties or county equivalents that have at least one urban core area of at least 50,000 population, plus adjacent territory that has a metropolitan area in the United States.[6]
Founded in 1841 and formally incorporated as a city in February, 1856, the city's economy is primarily based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, computer technology, energy, and transportation, home to several Fortune 500 The Fortune 500 is an annual list compiled and published by Fortune magazine that ranks the top 500 U.S. closely held and public corporations as ranked by their gross revenue after adjustments made by Fortune to exclude the impact of excise taxes companies collect. The list includes publicly and privately-held companies for which revenues are companies.[7] Located in North Texas North Texas is a distinct cultural and geographic area forming the central-northeastern section of the U.S. state of Texas. North Texas is generally considered to include the area south of Oklahoma, east of Abilene, and north of Waco. North Texas, being more precisely the northern part of the eastern portion of Texas, does not include the and a major city in the American South The Southern United States—commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, Down South, or simply the South—constitutes a large distinctive region in the southeastern and south-central United States. Because of the region's unique cultural and historic heritage, including Native Americans, early European settlements of English, Ulster Scots,, Dallas is the core of the largest inland metropolitan area in the United States that lacks any navigable link to the sea.[8] The city's prominence arose from its historical importance as a center for the oil An oil is any substance that is liquid at ambient temperatures and is hydrophobic but soluble in organic solvents. Oils have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are nonpolar substances. The general definition above includes compound classes with, and uses, including vegetable oils, petrochemical oils, and volatile essential oils. All oils can and cotton Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant . The plant is a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas,Africa , India and Pakistan. The fiber most often is spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile, which is the most industries, its position along numerous railroad lines, a strong industrial and financial sector, and its status as a major inland port The term inland port is used in two different but related ways to mean either a port on an inland waterway or an inland site carrying out some functions of a seaport (due largely to the presence of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is located between the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth, and is the busiest airport in the U.S. state of Texas, one of the largest and busiest The thirty world's busiest airports by passenger traffic are measured by number of total passengers . One passenger is described as someone who arrives in, departs from, or transfers through the airport on a given day. Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport in Atlanta has been the world's busiest airport every year since 2000 whereas London has in the world).[9] It was rated as a beta world city A global city is a city deemed to be an important node point in the global economic system. The concept comes from geography and urban studies and rests on the idea that globalization can be understood as largely created, facilitated and enacted in strategic geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group & Network.[10]
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History
Night view of Elm Street, January 1942 Main article: History of Dallas Caddo Native Americans inhabited the Dallas area before it was claimed, along with the rest of Texas, as a part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of New Spain in the 1500s. The area was also claimed by the French, but in 1819 the Adams-Onís Treaty officially placed Dallas well within Spanish territory by making the Red River the northern boundary of New See also: Historical events of DallasBefore Texas was claimed in the 18th century as a part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain The Viceroyalty of New Spain was the first of four viceroyalties created to govern Spain's territories in North and Central America. It was ruled by a viceroy from Mexico City who governed many territories on behalf of the King of Spain. The Viceroyalty of New Spain lasted from 1535 to 1821, and was one of two early viceroyalties established in by the Spanish Empire Territories of the Portuguese empire during the Iberian Union . Territories lost before or due to the Treaties of Utrecht-Baden (1713–1714). Territories lost before or during the Spanish American wars of independence (1811–1828). Territories lost following the Spanish-American War (1898–1899). Territories granted independence during the, the Dallas area was inhabited by the Caddo The Caddo Nation is a confederacy of several Southeastern Native American tribes, who traditionally inhabited much of what is now East Texas, northern Louisiana and portions of southern Arkansas and Oklahoma. Today the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma is a cohesive tribe with its capital at Binger, Oklahoma. The different Caddo languages have converged Native Americans Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from North America now encompassed by the continental United States, including parts of Alaska and the island state of Hawaii. They comprise a large number of distinct tribes, states, and ethnic groups, many of which survive as intact political communities. The terminology used to. Later, France also claimed the area The French colonial empire is the set of territories outside Europe that were under French rule primarily from the 1600s to the late 1960s. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the colonial empire of France was the second largest in the world behind the British Empire. The French colonial empire extended over 12,347,000 km² of land at its height in, but in 1819 the Adams-Onís Treaty The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty of 1819, settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain. The treaty was the result of increasing tensions between the U.S. and Spain regarding territorial rights at a time of weakened Spanish power in the New World. In addition to ceding made the Red River the northern boundary of New Spain The Viceroyalty of New Spain was the first of four viceroyalties created to govern Spain's territories in North and Central America. It was ruled by a viceroy from Mexico City who governed many territories on behalf of the King of Spain. The Viceroyalty of New Spain lasted from 1535 to 1821, and was one of two early viceroyalties established in, officially placing the future location of Dallas well within Spanish territory.[11] The area remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when Mexico In Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory, which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain which would eventually become Mexico declared independence from Spain and the area became part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas Coahuila y Tejas was one of the constituent states of the newly established United Mexican States under its 1824 Constitution. In 1836, the Republic of Texas The Republic of Texas was an independent state in North America, bordering the United States and Mexico, that existed from 1836 to 1846 broke off from Mexico to become an independent nation.[12] In 1839, four years into the Republic's existence, Warren Angus Ferris surveyed the area around present-day Dallas. Two years later, John Neely Bryan established a permanent settlement near a river he found and called that settlement Dallas. The Republic of Texas was then annexed by the United States in 1845 and Dallas County Dallas County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas within the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area . As of 2007, the county had an estimated population of 2,366,511 and is now the ninth most populous county in the United States was established the following year. It is uncertain whether the city was named after George Mifflin Dallas, the U.S. Vice President under James Knox Polk.[9]
Geography
Dallas is the county seat A county seat is a term for an administrative center for a county or civil parish, primarily used in the United States. In the Northeast United States, the statutory term often is shire town, but colloquially county seat is the term in use there. Parts of the Canadian Maritimes also use the term shire town. In England, Wales and Ireland, the term of Dallas County Dallas County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas within the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area . As of 2007, the county had an estimated population of 2,366,511 and is now the ninth most populous county in the United States. Portions of the city extend into neighboring Collin Collin County is a suburban county located in the U.S. state of Texas. The county has been experiencing extensive growth in recent years. In 2000, its population was 491,675; in 2008 the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that its population had reached 762,010. Its seat is McKinney. The county and its seat are both named in honor of Collin McKinney,, Denton Denton County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2000, its population was 432,976; in 2007 the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that its population had reached 612,357. Part of the Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex, it is one of the fastest-growing counties in the United States. The county seat is Denton. The county and the city are both, Kaufman Kaufman County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2000, its population was 71,313. Its seat is Kaufman, and the county is part of the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, and Rockwall Rockwall County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. It is Texas's smallest county in land area. In 2000, its population was 43,080. Its seat is Rockwall. Rockwall County forms part of the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex counties. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 385 square miles (997.1 km2), 342.5 square miles (887.1 km2) of it being land and 42.5 square miles (110.1 km2) of it (11.03%) water. Dallas makes up one-fifth of the much larger urbanized area known as the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex, in which one quarter of all Texans live.
Topography
Main article: Geology of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex The Dallas area is mostly flat with marked terrain differences only found near waterways and along the Austin Chalk Formation. This aerial photo shows White Rock Lake and Downtown Dallas Downtown Dallas is the central business district in Dallas, Texas USA, located in the geographic center of the city. The area officially termed "downtown" is bounded by the downtown freeway loop: bounded on the east by I-345 (although known and signed as the northern terminus of I-45 and the southern terminus of US 75 , on the west by I-3.Dallas and its surrounding area are mostly flat; the city itself lies at elevations ranging from 450 feet (137 m) to 550 feet (168 m). The western edge of the Austin Chalk Formation, a limestone Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the mineral calcite . Like most other sedimentary rocks, limestones are composed of grains; however, most grains in limestone are skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera. Other carbonate grains comprising limestones are ooids, peloids, intraclasts, and extraclasts escarpment Usually escarpment is used interchangeably with scarp . But some sources differentiate the two terms, where escarpment refers to the margin between two landforms, while scarp is synonymous with a cliff or steep slope. The surface of the steep slope is called a scarp face. Scarps are generally formed by one of two processes: either by differential (also known as the "White Rock Escarpment"), rises 200 feet (61 m) and runs roughly north-south through Dallas County. South of the Trinity River The Trinity River is a 710-mile long river that flows entirely within the U.S. state of Texas. It rises in extreme north Texas, a few miles south of the Red River. Its headwaters are separated from the Red River basin by the high bluffs on the south side of the Red River, the uplift is particularly noticeable in the neighborhoods of Oak Cliff Oak Cliff is a community in Dallas, Texas, United States that was formerly a separate town located in Dallas County; Dallas annexed Oak Cliff in 1903. It has since retained a distinct neighborhood identity as "Dallas' older, established neighborhood".[citation needed] and the adjacent cities of Cockrell Hill Cockrell Hill is a city in Dallas County, Texas, United States. The population was 4,443 at the 2000 census. It is completely surrounded by the city of Dallas, Cedar Hill, Grand Prairie Grand Prairie is a city in Dallas, Ellis, and Tarrant Counties in the U.S. state of Texas and is a part of the Mid-Cities region in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. Grand Prairie is a suburb of both Dallas and Fort Worth and in 2006 had a population of 153,812, and Irving Irving is a city located in the U.S. state of Texas within Dallas County. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, the city population was 191,615; the 2006 estimate was 201,927 according to the North Central Texas Council of Governments, and 196,084 according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Irving is within the Dallas–Plano–Irving metropolitan division. Marked variations in terrain are also found in cities immediately to the west in Tarrant County Tarrant County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of 2007, it had a population of 1,717,435. Its county seat is Fort Worth. Tarrant County is the second most populous county in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex and contains its second and third largest principal cities. The county is named in honor of General Edward H. Tarrant surrounding Fort Worth Fort Worth is the seventeenth-largest city in the United States of America and the fifth-largest city within the state of Texas. Located in North Texas and the western edge of the American South, the city is a cultural gateway into the American West and covers nearly 300 square miles in Tarrant, Parker, Denton, and Wise counties, serving as the, as well as along Turtle Creek north of Downtown.
Dallas, like many other cities in the world, was founded along a river. The city was founded at the location of a "white rock crossing" of the Trinity River, where it was easier for wagons to cross the river in the days before ferries or bridges. The Trinity River The Trinity River is a 710-mile long river that flows entirely within the U.S. state of Texas. It rises in extreme north Texas, a few miles south of the Red River. Its headwaters are separated from the Red River basin by the high bluffs on the south side of the Red River, though not usefully navigable, is the major waterway through the city. Its path through Dallas is paralleled by Interstate 35E Interstate 35E , an Interstate Highway, is the eastern half of Interstate 35 where it splits to serve different cities in Texas. I-35 splits into two branch routes, I-35W and I-35E at Hillsboro. I-35E runs north for 97 miles (156 km), maintaining I-35's sequence of exit numbers. It runs through Dallas before rejoining with I-35W to reform I-35 in along the Stemmons Corridor, then south alongside the western portion of Downtown Downtown Dallas is the central business district in Dallas, Texas USA, located in the geographic center of the city. The area officially termed "downtown" is bounded by the downtown freeway loop: bounded on the east by I-345 (although known and signed as the northern terminus of I-45 and the southern terminus of US 75 , on the west by I-3 and past south Dallas South Dallas is an area in Dallas, Texas, . It is usually either defined in one of two ways: As the area south of the Trinity River and south of Interstate 30, which consist mostly of Oak Cliff and Pleasant Grove, or to the area bounded by I-30 and Downtown Dallas to the north, the Trinity River to the west and south, and the Pleasant Grove area and Pleasant Grove, where the river is paralleled by Interstate 45 Interstate 45 is an intrastate Interstate Highway located entirely within the U.S. state of Texas. It connects the cities of Dallas and Houston, continuing southeast from Houston to Galveston on the Gulf of Mexico until it exits the city and heads southeast towards Houston Houston is the fourth-largest city in the United States of America and the largest city in the state of Texas. As of the 2009 U.S. Census estimate, the city had a population of 2.3 million within an area of 579 square miles (1,500 km2). Houston is the seat of Harris County and the economic center of the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown metropolitan. The river is flanked on both sides by 50 feet (15 m) tall earthen levees A levee, levée, dike , embankment, floodbank or stopbank is a natural or artificial slope or wall to regulate water levels. It is usually earthen and often parallel to the course of a river or the coast to protect the city from frequent floods.[13] Since it was rerouted in 1908, the river has been little more than a drainage ditch within a floodplain for several miles above and below downtown Dallas, with a more normal course further upstream and downstream, but as Dallas began shifting towards postindustrial society, public outcry about the lack of aesthetic and recreational use of the river ultimately gave way to the Trinity River Project,[14] which was initialized in the early 2000s and is scheduled to be completed in the 2010s. If the project materializes fully, it promises improvements to the riverfront in the form of man-made lakes, new park facilities and trails, and transportation upgrades.
The project area will reach for over 20 miles (32 km) in length within the city, while the overall geographical land area addressed by the Land Use Plan is approximately 44,000 acres (180 km2) in size—about 20% of the land area in Dallas. Green space along the river will encompass approximately 10,000 acres (40 km2), making it one of the largest and diverse urban parks in the world.[15]
White Rock Lake, a reservoir constructed at the beginning of the 20th century, is Dallas' other significant water feature. The lake and surrounding park are a popular destination among boaters, rowers, joggers, and bikers, as well as visitors seeking peaceful respite from the city at the 66-acre (267,000 m2) Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden, located on the lake's eastern shore. White Rock Creek feeds into White Rock Lake, and then exits on to the Trinity River southeast of downtown Dallas. Trails along White Rock Creek are part of the extensive Dallas County Trails System. Bachman Lake Bachman Lake is a small freshwater lake located in the Love Field neighborhood of northwest Dallas, Texas . It covers 205 acres (0.83 km²) in northwest Dallas and lies on the northwest boundary of Dallas Love Field in the airport's landing path. It was originally constructed in 1903 by damming Bachman Branch as a water source for Dallas, but it, just northwest of Love Field Airport Dallas Love Field is a city-owned public-use airport located 6 miles, 10 km, 5 nautical miles) northwest of the central business district of Dallas, a city in Dallas County, Texas, United States, is a smaller lake also popularly used for recreation. Northeast of the city is Lake Ray Hubbard, a vast 22,745-acre (92 km2) reservoir located in an extension of Dallas surrounded by the suburbs of Garland Quinlan is a city in Hunt County, Texas, United States. The population was 1,370 at the 2000 census. The city has a total area of 1.2;square miles , all of it land. Quinlan is a well known town because of its surrounding cities (Greenville, Tawakoni, Terell, others.), Rowlett, Rockwall Rockwall is a city in Rockwall County, Texas, United States. It is part of the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. The population was 17,976 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Rockwall County. Rockwall County is the second wealthiest county in the state of Texas in terms of median income. The majority of its residents enjoy a relatively high, and Sunnyvale.[16] To the west of the city is Mountain Creek Lake, once home to the Naval Air Station Dallas (Hensley Field Naval Air Station Dallas was a United States Navy Naval Air Station located on Mountain Creek Lake in southwest Dallas County, Texas. The installation was originally established as an Army Aviation center, and eventually became home to aviation assets from all the military services. The facility was decommissioned in December 1998. The base was) and a number of defense aircraft manufacturers.[17] North Lake, a small body of water in an extension of the city limits surrounded by Irving and Coppell, initially served as a water source for a nearby power plant but is now being targeted for redevelopment as a recreational lake due to its proximity to Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, a plan that the lake's neighboring cities oppose.[18]
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