Maglev, or magnetic levitation Magnetic levitation, maglev, or magnetic suspension is a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than magnetic fields. Magnetic pressure is used to counteract the effects of the gravitational and any other accelerations, is a system of transportation that suspends, guides and propels vehicles, predominantly trains, using magnetic levitation Magnetic levitation, maglev, or magnetic suspension is a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than magnetic fields. Magnetic pressure is used to counteract the effects of the gravitational and any other accelerations from a very large number of magnets for lift and propulsion. This method has the potential to be faster, quieter and smoother than wheeled A wheel is a circular device that is capable of rotating on an axle through its centre, facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load , or performing labour in machines. Common examples are found in transport applications. A wheel, together with an axle overcomes friction by facilitating motion by rolling. In order for wheels to mass transit Public transport is a shared passenger transportation service which are available for use by the general public, as distinct from modes such as Taxicab, car pooling which are not shared by strangers without private arrangement systems. The power needed for levitation is usually not a particularly large percentage of the overall consumption; most of the power used is needed to overcome air drag In fluid dynamics, drag refers to forces that oppose the relative motion of an object through a fluid (a liquid or gas). Drag forces act in a direction opposite to the oncoming flow velocity. Unlike other resistive forces such as dry friction, which is nearly independent of velocity, drag forces depend on velocity, as with any other high speed train.
The highest recorded speed of a Maglev train is 581 kilometres per hour (361 mph), achieved in Japan in 2003, 6 kilometres per hour (3.7 mph) faster than the conventional TGV The TGV is France's high-speed rail service, currently operated by SNCF Voyages, the long-distance rail branch of SNCF, the French national rail operator. It was developed during the 1970s by GEC-Alsthom (now Alstom) and SNCF. Although originally designed to be powered by gas turbines, the TGV prototypes evolved into electric trains. Following the speed record.
The first commercial Maglev "people-mover" was officially opened in 1984 in Birmingham, England Birmingham (pronounced /ˈbɜːmɪŋəm/ , BUR-ming-əm, locally /ˈbɜːmɪŋɡəm/ BIIR-ming-gəm) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands county of England. It is the most populous British city outside London with a population of 1,016,800 (2008 estimate), and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the United. It operated on an elevated 600-metre (2,000 ft) section of monorail track between Birmingham International Airport Birmingham International Airport is an international airport located 5.5 NM (10.2 km; 6.3 mi) east southeast of Birmingham city centre, at Bickenhill in the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull within the West Midlands, England. In 2007 it was the sixth busiest airport in the UK after London Heathrow, London Gatwick, London Stansted, Manchester and and Birmingham International railway station, running at speeds up to 42 km/h (26 mph); the system was eventually closed in 1995 due to reliability and design problems.
Perhaps the most well known implementation of high-speed maglev technology currently operating commercially is the IOS (initial operating segment) demonstration line of the German-built Transrapid Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. Based on a patent from 1934, planning of the Transrapid system started in 1969. The test facility for the system in Emsland, Germany was completed in 1987. In 1991 the technical readiness for application was approved by the Deutsche Bundesbahn in cooperation with renowned train in Shanghai Shanghai is the most populous city in China and one of the most populous cities in the world. A global city, Shanghai exerts influence over global commerce, finance, culture, art, fashion, research and entertainment. The city is located at the middle portion of the Chinese coast, and sits at the mouth of the Yangtze, China that transports people 30 km (18.6 miles) to the airport in just 7 minutes 20 seconds, achieving a top speed of 431 km/h (268 mph), averaging 250 km/h (160 mph).
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History
First patents
High speed transportation patents were granted to various inventors throughout the world.[1] Early United States patents for a linear motor A linear motor or linear induction motor is an alternating current electric motor that has had its stator "unrolled" so that instead of producing a torque (rotation) it produces a linear force along its length. The most common mode of operation is as a Lorentz-type actuator, in which the applied force is linearly proportional to the propelled train were awarded to the inventor, Alfred Zehden (German). The inventor was awarded U.S. Patent 782,312 (June 21, 1902) and U.S. Patent RE12,700 (August 21, 1907).[2] In 1907, another early electromagnetic transportation system was developed by F. S. Smith.[3] A series of German patents for magnetic levitation trains propelled by linear motors were awarded to Hermann Kemper between 1937 and 1941.[4] An early modern type of maglev train was described in U.S. Patent 3,158,765, Magnetic system of transportation, by G. R. Polgreen (August 25, 1959). The first use of "maglev" in a United States patent was in "Magnetic levitation guidance"[5] by Canadian Patents and Development Limited.
New York, United States 1968
In 1961, when he was delayed during rush hour traffic on the Throgs Neck Bridge, James Powell, a researcher at Brookhaven National Laboratory Brookhaven National Laboratory , is a United States national laboratory located in Upton, New York on Long Island, and was formally established in 1947 at the site of Camp Upton, a former U.S. Army base. Its name stems from its location in the greater area of the Town of Brookhaven (BNL), thought of using magnetically levitated transportation to solve the traffic problem.[6] Powell and BNL colleague Gordon Danby jointly worked out a MagLev concept using static magnets mounted on a moving vehicle to induce electrodynamic lifting and stabilizing forces in specially shaped loops on a guideway.[7][8]
Hamburg, Germany 1979
Transrapid Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. Based on a patent from 1934, planning of the Transrapid system started in 1969. The test facility for the system in Emsland, Germany was completed in 1987. In 1991 the technical readiness for application was approved by the Deutsche Bundesbahn in cooperation with renowned 05 was the first maglev train with longstator propulsion licensed for passenger transportation. In 1979 a 908 m track was opened in Hamburg Hamburg is the second-largest city in Germany (second to Berlin) and the eighth-largest city in the European Union. The city is home to over 1.8 million people, while the Hamburg Metropolitan Region (including parts of the neighboring Federal States of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein) has more than 4.3 million inhabitants. The port of Hamburg for the first International Transportation Exhibition (IVA 79). There was so much interest that operations had to be extended three months after the exhibition finished, having carried more than 50,000 passengers. It was reassembled in Kassel Kassel is a town located on the Fulda in northern Hesse, Germany, one of the two origins of the Weser river. It is the administrative seat of the Kassel administrative region (Regierungsbezirk) and of the district (Kreis) of the same name. In 2007 the town had approximately 198,500 inhabitants and has a total area of 107 square kilometers (41 in 1980.
Birmingham, United Kingdom 1984–1995
In the late 1940s, Professor Eric Laithwaite of Imperial College Imperial College London is a British university in London specialising in science, engineering, medicine and business in London developed the first full-size working model of the linear induction motor A linear motor or linear induction motor is an alternating current electric motor that has had its stator "unrolled" so that instead of producing a torque (rotation) it produces a linear force along its length. The most common mode of operation is as a Lorentz-type actuator, in which the applied force is linearly proportional to the. He became professor of heavy electrical engineering at Imperial College in 1964, where he continued his successful development of the linear motor.[9] As the linear motor does not require physical contact between the vehicle and guideway, it became a common fixture on many advanced transportation systems being developed in the 1960s and 70s. Laithwaite himself joined development of one such project, the Tracked Hovercraft, although funding for this project was cancelled in 1973.[10]
The linear motor was naturally suited to use with maglev systems as well. In the early 1970s Laithwaite discovered a new arrangement of magnets that allowed a single linear motor to produce both lift as well as forward thrust, allowing a maglev system to be built with a single set of magnets. Working at the British Rail Research Division in Derby Derby (pronounced /ˈdɑ:bi/ , DAA-bi), is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands region of England. It lies upon the banks of the River Derwent and is located in the south of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire. In the 2001 census, the population of the city was 233,700, whilst that of the Derby Urban Area was 229,407. According to the, along with teams at several civil engineering Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings. Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it was defined to distinguish firms, the "traverse-flux" system was developed into a working system.
The world's first commercial automated maglev system was a low-speed maglev shuttle that ran from the airport terminal of Birmingham International Airport Birmingham International Airport is an international airport located 5.5 NM (10.2 km; 6.3 mi) east southeast of Birmingham city centre, at Bickenhill in the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull within the West Midlands, England. In 2007 it was the sixth busiest airport in the UK after London Heathrow, London Gatwick, London Stansted, Manchester and to the nearby Birmingham International railway station between 1984–1995.[11]The length of the track was 600 meters (1,969 ft), and trains "flew" at an altitude of 15 millimeters (0.6 in). It was in operation for nearly eleven years, but obsolescence Obsolescence is the state of being which occurs when an object, service or practice is no longer wanted even though it may still be in good working order. Obsolescence frequently occurs because a replacement has become available that is superior in one or more aspects. Obsolete refers to something that is already disused or discarded, or problems with the electronic systems made it unreliable in its later years and it has now been replaced with a Cable Liner.[12] One of the original cars is now on display at Railworld in Peterborough, while the RTV31 hover train vehicle is preserved on the Nene Valley Railway in Peterborough.
Several favourable conditions existed when the link was built:
- The British Rail Research vehicle was 3 tonnes and extension to the 8 tonne vehicle was easy.
- Electrical power was easily available.
- The airport and rail buildings were suitable for terminal platforms.
- Only one crossing over a public road was required and no steep gradients were involved
- Land was owned by the railway or airport
- Local industries and councils were supportive
- Some government finance was provided and because of sharing work, the cost per organization was not high.
After the original system closed in 1995, the original guideway lay dormant.[13] The guideway was reused in 2003 when the replacement cable-hauled AirRail Link people mover The term was originally applied to two different systems, developed roughly at the same time. One was Skybus, an automated mass transit system prototyped by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation beginning in 1964. The other, called PeopleMover or Goodyear PeopleMover, was an attraction sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company which opened was opened.[14]
Japan
JNR ML500In Japan, there are two independently developed Maglev trains. One is HSST by Japan Airlines Japan Airlines International Co., Ltd. (株式会社日本航空インターナショナル, Kabushiki-gaisha Nihon Kōkū Intānashonaru?), is an airline headquartered in Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan. Flag carrier of Japan and its main hubs are Tokyo's Narita International Airport and Tokyo International Airport, as well as Nagoya's Chūbu Centrair and the other, which is more well-known, is JR-Maglev JR-Maglev is a magnetic levitation train system developed by the Central Japan Railway Company and Railway Technical Research Institute . JR-Maglev MLX01 (X means experimental) is one of the latest designs of a series of Maglev trains in development in Japan since the 1970s. It is composed of a maximum five cars to run on the Yamanashi Maglev Test by Japan Railways Group. The development of the latter started in 1969, and Miyazaki Miyazaki Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. The capital is the city of Miyazaki test track had regularly hit 517 km/h by 1979, but after an accident that destroyed the train, a new design was decided upon. Tests through the 1980s continued in Miyazaki before transferring a far larger and elaborate test track (20 km long) in Yamanashi in 1997. In that year,Development of HSST started in 1974, based on technologies introduced from Germany. In Tsukuba Tsukuba is a city located in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. It is known as the location of the Tsukuba Science City (筑波研究学園都市, Tsukuba Kenkyū Gakuen Toshi?), a planned city developed in the 1960s, Japan (1985), the HSST-03 (Linimo Linimo , formally the Aichi High-Speed Transit Tobu Kyuryo Line (愛知高速交通東部丘陵線, Aichi Kōsoku Kōtsū Tōbu Kyūryō-sen?) is a magnetic levitation train line in Aichi, Japan, near the city of Nagoya. While primarily built to serve the Expo 2005 fair site, the line is still operating to serve the local community) wins popularity in spite of being 30 km/h slower at the Tsukuba World Exposition. In Okazaki Okazaki is a city located in Aichi Prefecture on the main island of Japan, Japan (1987), the JR-Maglev took a test ride at the Okazaki exhibition. In Saitama Saitama is the capital and the most populous city of Saitama Prefecture in Japan, situated in the south-east of the prefecture. Its area incorporates the former cities of Urawa, Ōmiya, Yono and Iwatsuki. It is a city designated by government ordinance. Being in the Greater Tokyo Area and lying 15 - 30 kilometres north of central Tokyo, many of, Japan (1988), the HSST-04-1 was revealed at the Saitama exhibition performed in Kumagaya Kumagaya is a city located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan and a part of the Greater Tokyo Area. Its fastest recorded speed was 30 km/h. In Yokohama Yokohama ( listen (help·info)) is the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture and the second largest city in Japan by population after Tokyo. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshū. It is a major commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area, Japan (1989), the HSST-05 acquires a business driver's license at Yokohama exhibition and carries out general test ride driving. Maximum speed 42 km/h.
Vancouver, Canada & Hamburg, Germany 1986-1988
In Vancouver, Canada (1986), the JR-Maglev took a test ride at holding Vancouver traffic exhibition and runs. In Hamburg, Germany (1988), the TR-07 in international traffic exhibition (IVA88) performed Hamburg.
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Wed, 19 May 2010 22:47:24 GM
In 2003, the three-car . train. JR-Maglev achieved 581 km/h (361 mph) on a . magnetic. -. levitation. track, wining the title of the fastest non-conventional . train. in the world. On average, bullet . trains. are capable of running at a speed of 300 ...
Q. In 1989, Robert Scott Lazar claimed to have worked as a physicist at a hidden base referred to as S4 on a highly classified project involving back engineering of alien technology, antigravity and antimatter propulsion. Stanton Friedman doesn't believe him. But have scientists just proven Lazar was right all along? RNU.com (Raiders News Update) - Yesterday, in the article, "How to float like a stone", science correspondent for The Guardian, David Adam wrote that what goes up no longer has to come down. Quoting researchers who announced their results this week in the New Journal of Physics, Adams noted that, "British scientists have developed an antigravity machine that can float heavy stones, coins and lumps of metal in mid-air. Based… [cont.]
Asked by wc_bot048 - Wed Oct 3 21:37:46 2007 - - 3 Answers - 0 Comments
A. Stanton Friedman really has a gripe with Bob Lazar, and has done just about all he can do to disprove what Lazar says. Friedman is right, too, that no records exist of Lazar attending MIT, etc., but as Lazar says, once a whistleblower blows his whistle, his statistics are "disappeared", and if possible, so is he with a nice dirt nap. Stanton Friedman was also unaware, I think until last week at least, that Element 115 was mentioned in at least 6 or 7 papers besides Lazar's claims. Here is a webpage with some of them, including at least one that dates to 1999:
Answered by Julia D - Wed Oct 3 21:53:05 2007
